Game theory represents another principal strand in microeconomic analysis. The preceding US-China tariff conflict lends itself readily to such frameworks given its quantifiable outcomes.
The colloquially termed "origin laundering" exists in a grey area of international trade and represents a tax avoidance method, formally known as "origin fraud" or "transshipment".
Following Britain, Vietnam has reached a trade agreement with the United States. US President Donald Trump announced the trade agreement with Vietnam on July 2, with tax rates higher than expected by the outside world.
Inflation has fallen recently, and the standard explanation is economic weakness. Yet lower inflation should boost demand under basic economic principles, strengthening the economy.
Fresh shocks may alter data and parameter estimates, but the core model endures — the hallmark of robust modelling. Nothing is new under the sun; resist the temptation to reinvent from scratch.
The comprehensive national-security agreement that cleared the deal, however, shows Washington views it less as foreign direct investment than as a strategic joint venture it can veto at will.
The two welfare theorems show that equilibrium implies optimality, and any optimal outcome can be achieved as equilibrium through redistribution. This supports quantity-based policies over price manipulation, yet governments often choose the latter, undermining efficiency.
When decomposing data to explain causality, the key is ensuring $\mathbf{X}'\mathbf{e} = \mathbf{0}$ — no noise in the signal, no signal in the noise. This condition underpins valid statistical inference and model credibility.
Recent tariff negotiations between the US, China, and Canada show signs of progress. China and the US reached a framework deal with reduced tariffs and export concessions, while US-Canada talks aim to integrate trade with broader security and regulatory cooperation.
US trade talks gain momentum: UK wins tariff reprieves, Japan negotiates with tech leverage, and the UAE pursues a CEPA path amid Middle East tariff tensions.
Macroeconomics builds on micro foundations but isn’t just micro writ large. Modern models, from growth to cycles, require dynamic optimisation and rational expectations—complex tools for a complex economy. Whether AI can break this decades-long mold remains an open question.
Why does capitalism work? Beyond empirical evidence, this is the formal mathematical proof: if preferences are reflected in prices, the market delivers a globally optimal allocation—no one can gain without someone else losing.
Econometrics isn’t just about proving causality—it’s about approximating truth. Through residual patterns, we test if a model holds. As with physics, it's less about certainty than refining the assumptions.
US long-term bonds, once seen as safe assets, are now Donald Trump’s Achilles' heel—used as bargaining chips by China and Japan amid trade war tensions, as yields soar and global investors begin to 'Sell America'
